(2009). 21st Century Skills, Learning for Life in our Times. (2011). Assessment of Higher Order Thinking Skills. (1983). The Reflective Practitioner, How Professionals think in Action. (2007). World Yearbook of Education 2007: Educating the Global Workforce: Knowledge, Knowledge Work and Knowledge Workers. Pearson Education South Asia.įarrell, L., & Fenwick, T. Springfield, IL: Southern Illinois School of Medicine.īarrows, H.
(2000). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. On an international level passive learning methods therefore need to be replaced by an active learning pedagogy to prepare learners for their new role as global citizens.Īnderson, A., & Krathwohl, D. The traditional role of the teacher or instructor is therefore being substituted by the concept of a tutor or facilitator of the student’s learning process. Advanced communicative and cross-cultural skills, problem-solving and meta-cognitive skills as well as livelong learning skills are abilities that can only be acquired though the learner’s personal performance and interaction with others, ideally a smaller and comprehensive study group. Traditional teacher-centered learningruns into a variety of bottlenecks when faced with the challenges of our modern life-world and an emerging globalized work-environment. Almost all of such competencies are hardly mediated in traditional curricula, in particular learning environments which are still based on passively receptive classes and not interactive small groups. To latter criterion higher cognitive and meta-cognitive skills pose a prerequisite. In contrast to a traditional grading system, multi-perspective assessment (Barrows & Wee Keng Neo, 2007) focuses on the learner’s performance as a problem-solver, researcher and team-player.Īs the key competencies of a global workforce many researchers quote cross-cultural communicative competencies, problem-solving skills, soft-skills to motivate and facilitate workgroups to be innovative and high context adaptability (Farrell & Fenwick, 2007). Assessments are in many cases only carried out as summative and not formative evaluations and they rarely address qualitative issues of the learner’s progress. Standardized grading and monopolized assessment encompass a traditional top-down approach. Since the learner is only being assessed by the teacher or instructor, critical assessment of oneself and others is not an intrinsic part of teacher-centered learning.
Teacher-centered learning most often doesn’t address the importance of open inquiry which can occur at any stage of the learning process. Meta-cognitive skills such as facilitated in Problem-Based Learning include the questioning about the justification and validity of arguments, not just the given reasons themselves (Barrows H., 1992). Higher cognitive skills include abilities like analysis, synthesis, evaluation (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2000), critical thinking, interpretation and self-regulation (Schraw & Robinson, 2011). Non-facilitation of Higher Cognitive- and Meta-Cognitive Skills A teacher- centered learning environment does by definition neither facilitate nor empower a learner’s autonomous study-skills and subsequently lifelong learning skills (Trilling & Fadel, 2009).ģ. One of the main goals of modern pedagogy by contrast is to create strong self-directed learners. Teacher-centered learning fosters a culture whereby the learner does not outgrow his dependency on the supervising instructors and teachers.
#STELLA ARCHITECT TUTORIAL ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES PROFESSIONAL#
The main critique of this approach is for the learner to merely master limited sets of knowledge, e.g., by memorizing content or applying rehearsed formulae, without addressing actual process-skills as needed in professional practice (Schön, 1983). The learner acknowledges the authority of the teacher or instructor on any content to be justified a priori. The learning process therefore stops upon its expected delivery. Teacher-centered learning limits itself to a specified content as proposed by the teacher or instructor. The Argument of Exhaustive Learning Outcomes It is outlined why under the influence of globalization education requires new pedagogical approaches if organizations want to stay competitive and public institutions don’t want to lose their competence in managing national and international challenges.ġ.
The following assignment outlines key arguments on the disadvantages of teacher-centered learning in the context of larger organizations and public education. Teacher- and instructor- centred learning is an inefficient solution for education as compared to more active learning styles, in particular when applied throughout an organization or on a nation-wide scale as the leading pedagogical approach.
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